P5 Science SA2 2025 — Rosyth

Which characteristic can be used to tell birds and mammals apart?

Which statement describes the similarity between the stomach and the large intestine?

The diagrams below show the human reproductive systems. In which parts, A, B, C or D, are the human reproductive cells produced?

The diagram shows a cross-section of a flower. Which of the following statement is correct?

The diagram below shows the developmental stages of a flowering plant. Which arrow represents the processes of pollination, fertilisation and germination?

The statements below describe sexual reproduction in plants and humans: A The fertilised egg is found in the ovary. B Reproductive cells are produced in the anthers. C Fertilisation occurs in a female reproductive part. Which of the following is correct?

Look at the diagram of the plant transport system below. Identify the substance(s).

The diagram below shows parts P, Q and R of a plant. Which part(s) can the water-carrying tubes be found?

Diana grew a tomato plant in the set-up below. Which of the following best describes the function of each part, A and B?

An outer ring of the stem containing the food-carrying tubes was removed from a plant as shown below. The plant is placed under the sun. After one week, which of the following diagram is likely to represent the appearance of the stem?

Vienna set up an experiment as shown below using the same type of plants. She wanted to find out if the number of leaves affects the volume of water absorbed by the plants. [Figure: Bar graph — Volume of water left (ml): container A bar shorter (less water left), container B bar taller (more water left)] What is the relationship between the number of leaves and the amount of water absorbed by the plant?

Which statement about the respiratory system of a fish is not correct?

The diagrams below show the respiratory systems of a human and a fish. Which statement describes the similarity between parts A and B?

Which of the following is not part of the human circulatory system?

The diagram shows the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. What could X be? A lung B small intestine C leg muscle

The chart below shows how substances P and Q are transported in the human body. What are systems A, B and C?

How does the amount of P and Q transported in the human body change during exercise?

A, B, C, D and E are parts in the human digestive system. The graph below shows the amount of undigested food leaving each part after a meal. [Table mapping options: (1) mouth=A, gullet=B, stomach=C, small intestine=D, large intestine=E; (2) mouth=A, gullet=B, stomach=D, small intestine=E, large intestine=C; (3) mouth=D, gullet=E, stomach=A, small intestine=B, large intestine=C; (4) mouth=D, gullet=E, stomach=C, small intestine=A, large intestine=B]

The diagram shows a pair of shoes. For the user to fit into the shoes comfortably, it is most important for part X to be ____.

Kelly wanted to find out how the exposed surface area of a container affects the evaporation of water. Which two set-ups should Kelly use for her investigation?

A 600 cm³ tank with its opening sealed by a stopper was placed on an electronic balance. 100 cm³ of water was pumped into the tank without any air escaping. Which of the following correctly shows the changes in the mass and volume of air in the tank after pumping water into the tank?

The diagram below shows the water cycle. Which of the following shows the correct states of water when it is at X and Y?

Which statement about processes P and Q is true? [P = evaporation from reservoir to vapour; Q = condensation of vapour into cloud]

Two identical containers, A and B, were covered with air-tight lids. Container A was filled with 250 g of ice cubes and container B was filled with 250 g of water at room temperature. They were placed on a balance as shown below. After ten minutes, the balance tilted downwards on the side of container A. Which one of the following could be the reason for this observation?

Charlie heated up a bowl containing substances R and S to 200 °C. The diagram below shows what he observed at the start and at the end of the experiment. Which of the following shows the possible freezing points of R and S based on his observation?

Pierre wanted to find out if a steel clip allows electricity to pass through. He set up the electric circuit as shown below. Which of the following electrical component should Pierre add to his electric circuit to conduct his experiment?

Study the four circuits, W, X, Y and Z, as shown below. In which of the following set-up(s) will only one bulb light up?

Zhi Heng set up the electric circuit shown below using the same type of bulbs. All three bulbs were lit. When bulb Q fuses, what happens to bulbs P and R?

Ellie set up an electric circuit as shown below using identical light bulbs. All five bulbs were lit when all four switches were closed. She wanted the fewest number of bulbs to be lit by opening only one switch. Which switch should she open?

Gopal walked in a straight line from X to Z as shown in the diagram below. Y is directly below the lamp. X and Z are at equal distances from Y. [Figure: Graph of length of shadow (cm) against time (s) — starts at a high value at X, decreases steeply to a minimum at Y, then rises again but with a less steep slope back up to the same final value at Z, indicating it took longer from Y to Z than from X to Y] Which of the following statements is true?

Insect Y has four stages in its life cycle. (a) Fill in the boxes with the stages for the life cycle of insect Y. [1] The graph below shows the mass of insect Y at different stages of its life cycle. [Figure: Graph — mass of insect Y on y-axis vs time on x-axis. Points A (low), B (low, plateau), then steep rise to C, plateau CD, then rise to E] (b) Why did the mass of insect Y remain the same at CD? [1]

The diagram below shows a process in human reproduction. (a) Identify the process shown in the diagram above. [1] (b) Describe what happens during the process in (a). [1]

The fruit dispersal patterns of three different plants are shown in the diagram below. (a) Based on the diagram, put a tick (✓) in the table below to identify the correct fruit dispersal method for each plant. [1] [Table: Plant ■ / Plant ★ — columns: Wind, Animal, Water, Splitting] (b) State how the fruit of plant ● is dispersed. Explain a physical characteristic of the fruit that helps in its dispersal. [2] (c) It is observed that as young plants grow nearer to the parent plant ■, their stems are taller and thinner. Give a reason for this observation. [1]

Jenny placed a plant in a beaker with 500 ml of red-coloured water as shown below. (a) After three days, Jenny observed that the leaves of the plant turned red. Explain her observation. [1] (b) After three days, Jenny measured the volume of red-coloured water left in the beaker. How does the layer of oil ensure the accuracy of the experimental results? [1] (c) Jenny was told that she needed a similar plant in her control set-up to compare if plants absorb coloured water faster. Tick (✓) the items that Jenny had to use for her control set-up. [Table items: a layer of oil; a plant with three leaves; a plant with six leaves; a beaker with no water; a beaker with 500 ml of water; a beaker with 500 ml of blue-coloured water] [1]

Alice observed a fish and drew a diagram of its respiratory system as shown below. (a) In the diagram above, draw an arrow (→) to show how water enters the fish. Draw another arrow (→) to show how water leaves the fish. [1] The bar graphs below show the amount of gases X and Y present in the water that was entering and leaving the fish. [Figure: Graph 1 — water entering the fish: gas X bar is tall, gas Y bar is short. Graph 2 — water leaving the fish: gas X bar is short, gas Y bar is taller than in Graph 1] (b) Identify gases X and Y. [1] (i) gas X: _____ (ii) gas Y: _____ Alice conducted an experiment to measure the amount of oxygen present in the water of her fish tank at different temperatures. Her results are shown in the graph below. [Figure: Graph — amount of oxygen on y-axis vs temperature of water on x-axis; line curves DOWN as temperature increases — less oxygen at higher temperature] Alice observed some fish in the tank and recorded their breathing rate by counting the number of times they opened and closed their mouths at different temperatures. [Figure: Graph — breathing rate on y-axis vs temperature of water on x-axis; line curves UP as temperature increases — higher breathing rate at higher temperature] (c) Based on the graphs above, explain the effect of temperature of water on the breathing rate of the fish. [2]

Anthony wanted to find out if the age of a person affects his resting heart rate. He recorded the resting heart rates of four people as shown in the table below. (a) What is the relationship between age and resting heart rate? [1] (b) Other than repeating his experiment, what can Anthony do to ensure that his results are reliable? [1] The graph below shows how Anthony's heart rate changed over time when he walked to the park for a run. [Figure: Graph — number of heart beats per minute on y-axis vs time (min) on x-axis. Points A and B at low level (heart rate constant), then rises to point C, plateau from C to D, dashed line at 30 min] (c) Based on the graph, at which point, A, B, C or D, did Anthony start running? Give a reason for your answer. [1] (d) The volume of blood transported to Anthony's legs increased when he started running. Explain why. [1] (e) Complete the graph below to show the change in Anthony's heart rate from the 30th min to 40th min when he slowed down to a jog. [1] [Figure: Same axes — show heart rate after point D from 30 to 40 min]

Tom has a coin bank as shown in the diagram below. (a) Tom used a syringe to add exactly 100 cm³ of water into it. State the property of water that allowed it to flow into the coin bank. [1] Tom emptied the water from the coin bank and tried to fill it up with 100 similar coins. Each coin has a volume of 1 cm³. He was unable to do so. (b) Explain why Tom cannot put all the coins into the coin bank. [1] After a few weeks, Tom lost the wheels on his coin bank. He weighed the coin bank and found out that it was lighter than before. [Figure: Same car coin bank but with missing wheels] (c) Why did the coin bank become lighter? [1]

Siti placed two rods made of different materials A and B, into a beaker of cold water as shown below. After five minutes, she recorded the temperatures of both rods as shown in the table below. [Table: Material A — starting 30°C, final 25°C. Material B — starting 30°C, final 18°C] (a) Which material, A or B, is a better conductor of heat? Explain your answer. [1] Siti cooked food using skewers made of materials A and B. Both skewers with food were left on the hot grill for the same amount of time. Equal parts of both skewers were in contact with the hot grill as shown below. [Figure: Hot grill with food on top; skewer A (material A) and skewer B (material B) lying across the grill with food at one end; burnt marks shown on skewer B] When the skewers became too hot, there would be burnt marks on them. (b) After some time, Siti observed that skewer A had more burnt marks. Explain her observation. [2]

The three coloured lights of a traffic light light up one at a time to control the traffic. George constructed the circuit below, using three coloured bulbs, to represent the three coloured lights of a traffic light. [Figure: A simple series circuit with a battery, a switch and three bulbs (green, yellow, red) connected in series] (a) George was told that the coloured bulbs in his circuit cannot be lighted up one at a time. Explain why. [2] George decided to construct a new circuit to light up the three bulbs one at a time. He used three coloured bulbs, three switches and some wires. (b) Complete the circuit diagram in the box below to show how the circuit would look like after he had made his changes. Use circuit symbols to represent the different components of the circuit. A part of the circuit diagram has been drawn for you. [2] [Figure: Box with a battery already drawn at the top and the three bulbs (green, yellow, red) drawn at the bottom; student must add three switches so each bulb can be turned on/off independently] (c) Besides being able to control the lighting of the bulbs independently with switches, state another advantage of the circuit arrangement in (b). (Do not compare the brightness of the bulbs.) [1]

(a) State one difference between boiling and evaporation. [1] Jeremy prepared the set-up as shown below to obtain water. (b) Explain how the above set-up helps Jeremy to obtain water. [2] Jeremy repeated his experiment with a container that had a wider base as shown in the diagram below. [Figure: Same set-up but now the container has a wider base / larger surface area in contact with the flame; 500 ml of seawater inside; collecting beaker beside] (c) The time taken for the same amount of water to be collected decreased. Explain why. [1]

Josher heated ten ice cubes in a pot over a flame for 8 minutes. He recorded the changes in the temperature of the ice over time as shown in the graph below. After heating the ice cubes for 4 minutes, Josher observed white clouds forming above the pot. (a) Describe how the white clouds are formed. [2] At the 6th minute, Josher placed a glass lid over the pot. He observed that less water droplets were formed on the lid after some time. (b) Explain why the formation of water droplets on the underside of the lid slowed down. [1] (c) If Josher repeats his experiment using twenty ice cubes, the time taken for the white clouds to be formed will increase. Explain why. [2]