The Water Cycle

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The water cycle is the continuous journey water takes as it moves between the Earth's surface and the sky, changing between liquid, gas and sometimes solid along the way. The same water has been recycled for millions of years — the rain falling on Singapore today may once have flowed in an ancient river or floated as vapour over a distant sea.

The cycle has four main stages. In evaporation, heat from the sun turns water in seas, rivers and puddles into an invisible gas called water vapour, which rises into the air. In condensation, the rising vapour meets colder air high up, cools, and forms tiny droplets that gather into clouds. In precipitation, the droplets join together until the cloud grows heavy and they fall as rain, snow or hail. In collection, the fallen water gathers in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and the sea, ready for the sun to warm it once more.

Understanding the water cycle helps learners see how clouds, rain and rivers are linked, why water is never truly lost, and how nature keeps fresh water moving around the planet.

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Frequently asked questions

What are the four stages of the water cycle?
The four main stages are evaporation (water turns to vapour and rises), condensation (vapour cools into droplets that form clouds), precipitation (droplets fall as rain, snow or hail), and collection (water gathers in rivers, lakes and seas). The cycle then repeats.
Why does water evaporate?
Heat from the sun warms water in seas, rivers and puddles until it changes into an invisible gas called water vapour. Because warm vapour is lighter than the surrounding air, it floats upward into the sky.
How are clouds formed in the water cycle?
High in the sky the air is cold, so rising water vapour cools down and turns back into tiny water droplets. Millions of these droplets crowd together to form a cloud — this step is called condensation.
Is the rain we get today brand-new water?
No. The Earth keeps recycling the same water over and over, so today's rain is made of water that has fallen, evaporated and condensed countless times before — possibly for millions of years.
What is the difference between condensation and precipitation?
Condensation is when water vapour cools and forms tiny droplets that build clouds. Precipitation happens later, when those droplets join up, become too heavy to stay in the cloud, and fall to the ground as rain, snow or hail.

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