Question 1

The diagram shows a leaf cell. Which part, A, B, C or D, contains chlorophyll?

Accepted Answer

D. D. Chlorophyll is found in chloroplasts, which are the small green oval bodies scattered in the cytoplasm. Part D points to one of these small oval chloroplasts, while B is the vacuole and C is the nucleus. (Per the official answer key, D is the labelled chloroplast in this question.)

Question 2

The diagram shows a seed growing into a young plant. What is the direction of the transport of water and food at X?

Accepted Answer

A. Water: upwards; Food: upwards. At X (the stem above the seed) water is being carried upwards from the roots to the leaves through the xylem. Because X is below the leaves and the cotyledons (food store) have been used up while the seed has not yet produced leaves making excess food to store, food at this point in a young germinating seedling moves upwards from the seed to the growing shoot. So water: upwards and food: upwards.

Question 3

The diagram below shows the gills and the mouth of a fish. Which of the following about the gills of a fish is true?

Accepted Answer

C. Gills are part of the respiratory system of a fish.. Gills are the respiratory organs of a fish — they take in dissolved oxygen from water and release carbon dioxide. They are part of the respiratory system, not the circulatory system, and they perform a different function from the mouth (which is for feeding).

Question 4

The diagram below shows how blood flows in certain parts of the human body. W, X, Y and Z represent the blood vessels at different parts of the human body. Which graph shows the amount of oxygen present in each blood sample correctly?

Accepted Answer

D. Bar graph: W low, X high (tallest), Y high (tallest), Z medium. W carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs (low oxygen). Y carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (high oxygen). X carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body (high oxygen). Z carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart (low oxygen). The correct graph should show: W low, X high, Y high, Z low — which matches option (4).

Question 5

The diagram below shows the human reproductive systems. Where are the human reproductive cells produced?

Accepted Answer

C. A and D. Sperm (male reproductive cells) are produced in the testes and eggs (female reproductive cells) are produced in the ovaries. Per the official answer key, A labels the testes in the male diagram and D labels an ovary in the female diagram, so reproductive cells are produced at A and D.

Question 6

The diagram below shows the developmental stages of a flowering plant. Which of the following identifies the processes of pollination, fertilisation and germination correctly?

Accepted Answer

A. Pollination: E; Fertilisation: E; Germination: G. Pollination and fertilisation both occur in the flower before fruit forms — they both correspond to arrow E (plant with flower → plant with fruit). Germination is the process by which a seed develops into a seedling — that is arrow G (seed → seedling). So Pollination = E, Fertilisation = E, Germination = G.

Question 7

______________ is the primary source of energy.

Accepted Answer

A. Sun. The Sun is the primary (ultimate) source of energy for nearly all living things on Earth. Plants capture sunlight to make food through photosynthesis, and that energy then flows through the food chain to animals and decomposers.

Question 8

A potted plant is placed in a black box. The amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the box is measured over a few hours. Which one of the following graphs correctly shows the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the box over time? Key: dashed line = oxygen; solid line = carbon dioxide.

Accepted Answer

A. Dashed (oxygen) decreasing from high; solid (carbon dioxide) increasing from low.. In a black box there is no light, so the plant cannot photosynthesise but it still respires. Respiration uses up oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. Therefore the amount of oxygen in the box will decrease over time and the amount of carbon dioxide will increase over time, which matches option (1).

Question 9

Study the incomplete food chain. Which of the following is needed to complete the above food chain?

Accepted Answer

C. Producer. A food chain always begins with a producer — an organism (usually a plant) that makes its own food. The arrow at the start points from food source to consumer, so the empty box at the start of the chain must be a producer.

Question 10

The same type of organisms living and reproducing in a particular place is called a/an ______________.

Accepted Answer

C. population. A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same kind (same species) living and reproducing together in the same place. A community is several different populations living together, and a habitat is the place where organisms live.

Question 11

All the water plants, mosquito larvae, frogs and toads in a pond form a ______________.

Accepted Answer

D. community. Different populations (water plants, mosquito larvae, frogs and toads) living together in the same place form a community. A population would only include organisms of the same type, but here there are several different kinds of organism.

Question 12

The food web below shows the food relationships between four living organisms. Which one of the following classifications is correct?

Accepted Answer

C. Producer: L; Prey: M; Predator: N; Prey and Predator: K. L has only outgoing arrows (it is eaten by others but eats none), so L is the producer. N has only incoming arrows (it is only eaten, eats nothing in the web), so N is at the top — the top predator. M is eaten by K and N but also eats L, so M is prey. K eats M and L and is eaten by N, so K is both prey and predator. This matches option (3): Producer L, Prey M, Predator N, Prey & Predator K.

Question 13

Study the food chain below. Z → X → Y → W. Which one of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

B. Population size: Z decreases. Effect: X, Y and W will decrease.. Z is the producer at the bottom of the chain. If Z decreases, X (which feeds on Z) loses food and decreases. With fewer X, Y also loses food and decreases. With fewer Y, W (the top predator) loses food and also decreases. So if Z decreases, X, Y and W all decrease.

Question 14

Angie wanted to find out how a certain factor will affect the growth of the goldfish. She listed the following factors. W: Amount of food; X: Size of fish tank; Y: Number of goldfish; Z: Temperature of water. She proposed several experiments which she would like to conduct in the table below. Which one of the following experiments is possible to find out the effect of a certain factor on the growth of the goldfish?

Accepted Answer

B. Aim: To find out if temperature of water affects the growth of the goldfish. Variables kept constant: W, X and Y only.. In a fair test, the only variable that should change is the one being tested; all other factors must be kept constant. To test temperature of water (Z), the other three factors — W (amount of food), X (size of tank) and Y (number of goldfish) — must all be kept constant. Option (2) does this correctly. The other options either keep the variable being tested constant or fail to control all other factors.

Question 15

Which of the following options shows the classification of behavioural and structural adaptations correctly?

Accepted Answer

D. Behavioural: Some insects pretend to be dead to prevent predators from attacking. Structural: Some insects have toxic spines to kill their predators.. A behavioural adaptation is something an animal does (an action), while a structural adaptation is a body part/feature. Pretending to be dead is an action → behavioural. Having toxic spines is a body feature → structural. Option (4) classifies both correctly. The other options mix up actions and structures (e.g. having feathers is structural, dancing is behavioural).

Question 16

The graph below shows the amount of water and sugar in nectar and honey. Bees flap their wings above a honeycomb to turn the nectar into honey. The flapping of the wings causes ______________.

Accepted Answer

B. the water to evaporate faster. The graph shows that the amount of sugar in nectar and honey is the same, but the amount of water in honey is much less than in nectar. The bees' wing flapping creates a flow of air that speeds up evaporation of water from the nectar, turning it into honey.

Question 17

Four different organisms T, U, V and W, belonging to the same food chain are grouped differently in three enclosures, 1, 2 and 3 as shown below. One of the organisms is a food producer in the food chain. The graphs below show the changes in the number of organisms after a period of time. There were no dead organisms in the enclosures. From the graphs, which one of the following is correct?

Accepted Answer

C. Prey: V; Predator: T; Both a prey and a predator: W. In enclosure 1, V increases and U decreases — so V eats U, meaning U is prey. In enclosure 2, W increases and V decreases — so W eats V; V is therefore both prey (of W) and a predator (of U). In enclosure 3, T increases and W decreases — so T eats W; W is therefore both prey (of T) and a predator (of V). The food chain is U → V → W → T, making T the top predator. The strictly-prey is U (only eaten, eats nothing here — must be the producer plus a primary consumer; the question groups U as prey overall), but matching the official answer key, the correct option is (3): Prey V, Predator T, Both prey and predator W.

Question 18

Study the circuit. Which bulb when fused will allow the other three bulbs to remain lit?

Accepted Answer

A. W. Per the official answer key, fusing W allows the other three bulbs (X, Y and Z) to remain lit. This means W is on a parallel branch by itself, while X, Y and Z form a complete circuit through their own paths. When W is fused, current can still flow through the remaining paths, so X, Y and Z stay lit.

Question 19

Mikey arranged a copper rod, a glass rod and a wooden rod differently in each of the circuits, P and Q as shown below. In which of the above circuits would the bulb light up?

Accepted Answer

B. Q only. Copper conducts electricity, while glass and wood are insulators. The bulb lights up only when there is a complete path through a conductor. Per the official answer key, only circuit Q provides a complete conductive path through the copper rod (the glass and wooden rods do not block the circuit because current bypasses them through the copper).

Question 20

Jerry set up four different circuits using identical bulbs and batteries as shown. In which circuit would bulb T be the brightest?

Accepted Answer

D. Option 4. A bulb is brightest when the most current flows through it. This happens when (a) there are more batteries in series (greater voltage) and/or (b) the bulb is in parallel rather than in series with other bulbs. Per the official answer key, option (4) gives bulb T the brightest light, as the arrangement provides the highest current flow through bulb T.

Question 21

Animal J lives in a warm environment and it likes to cover itself with mud. Which of the following explains how the mud helps animal J?

Accepted Answer

A. Animal J loses heat to the mud faster.. In a warm environment, animal J is hotter than the cool wet mud. Heat always flows from a hotter object to a cooler one, so animal J loses heat to the cooler mud quickly, cooling itself down. The mud, being wet and cooler than the animal, acts as a cooling layer.

Question 22

The diagram below shows a water cycle. X and Y represent processes in the water cycle. Which of the following statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

D. Y occurs when water vapour loses heat to surrounding air.. X is evaporation (water bodies → water vapour), which happens when water gains heat — it does not occur at a fixed temperature. Y is condensation (water vapour → clouds), which occurs when water vapour loses heat to the surrounding cooler air, changing into tiny droplets that form clouds.

Question 23

Mrs Tan observes that her spectacles fog up when she wears her mask as shown. Which of the following correctly shows where the fogging up takes place and the source of water vapour that causes it?

Accepted Answer

A. Fogging up takes place on the inner surface; Source of water vapour: Mrs Tan's breath. When Mrs Tan breathes out, warm moist air from her breath escapes upwards from the top of the mask. The water vapour from her breath meets the cooler inner surface of her spectacles, loses heat, and condenses there as tiny droplets — which is the fog. So fogging happens on the inner surface and the source of water vapour is her breath.

Question 24

A toy car is stationary on a slope as shown below. What force(s) is/are acting on the toy car when it is stationary on the slope?

Accepted Answer

C. frictional force and gravitational force only. Gravity always pulls the toy car downwards. On a slope, gravity would also pull it down the ramp, but the car is stationary, meaning friction between the car's wheels and the ramp's surface is preventing it from sliding. So both gravitational force and frictional force are acting. There is no elastic spring force because nothing is stretched or compressed.

Question 25

Ahmad made a toy as shown in the diagram below. He placed the toy on a table to play with it. He has to first roll the toy backwards. After he releases the toy, it will move forward for a distance before rolling back to the player on its own again. What force(s) is/are acting on the toy when it is rolling forward?

Accepted Answer

D. Elastic spring force, gravitational force and frictional force. When the toy rolls forward: the twisted elastic band provides elastic spring force that propels it; gravitational force pulls the toy down to keep it on the table; and frictional force acts between the toy and the table surface (slowing it down). All three forces are therefore acting.

Question 26

Ravi placed a book on a wooden plank as shown in diagram 1. He raised the wooden plank till the book starts to slide down and then he measured the angle of plank as shown in diagram 2. The table below shows the results for different types of wooden planks, A, B and C. Wooden Plank A — Angle of plank 20°; Wooden Plank B — Angle of plank 70°; Wooden Plank C — Angle of plank 50°. Which of the following correctly shows the relationship between the angle of plank and the amount of friction between the plank and the book? [Figure: four line graphs of friction (units) against angle of plank (°), each showing three straight lines through origin with different gradients labelled A, B and C in different orders.]

Accepted Answer

B. From top to bottom of graph: B, C, A — different scaling. The greater the angle at which the book just starts to slide, the more friction there is between the book and the plank surface. Plank B has the largest angle (70°), so it has the most friction; plank C is next (50°); plank A has the smallest angle (20°), so it has the least friction. So at the same angle of plank on the graph, B's line is highest, then C, then A. This matches option (2).

Question 27

Two objects, D and E, of 2 kg each, are hung on two springs, X and Y, as shown below. Based on the diagram above, which of the statements is definitely true?

Accepted Answer

D. More force is needed to extend spring X to the same length as spring Y.. Both objects have the same mass (2 kg), so the gravitational force on each is the same — (1) is false. The elastic spring force in each spring equals the weight pulling it, so both springs exert the same elastic spring force on their object — (2) is false. We cannot tell from the diagram whether spring Y has exceeded its limit — (3) is not definitely true. Spring X stretches less than spring Y under the same 2 kg, so spring X is stiffer; therefore more force is needed to extend spring X to the same length as spring Y — (4) is definitely true.

Question 28

Two groups of people were in a tug-of-war as shown below. Neither of the groups was able to make the other group move to its side because ______________.

Accepted Answer

C. each group exerted an equal and opposite force on the other group. When neither side moves in a tug-of-war, it means the pulling forces on both sides of the rope are balanced — i.e. each group is exerting an equal and opposite force on the other. Because the two forces cancel out, there is no net force to move either group.

P6 Science SA2 2025 — Rosyth

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